CHAPTER TWELVE
THE REFORMATION

Reformation Texts
Texts by Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Bullinger, as well as the counter-reformation doctrines
of St. Ignatius of Loyola. www.mun.ca/rels/hrollmann/reform/reform.html

Reformation Primary Source Texts
Collection of primary sources, including the writings of Boehme, Calvin, and Luther,
with links to further resources. history.hanover.edu/early/prot.htm

Portraits and Texts of Key Protestant Reformers
Explore a large collection of profiles of Protestant reformers and their works. Includes
portraits of key individuals. www.soft.net.uk/arden/page5.html

Teaching Resources for Protestant Reformation
Teaching resource provides a detailed guide to the Reformation featuring primary sources
and illustrations. www.tasc.ac.uk/histcourse/reformat/contents.html

Martin Luther Biography
Presents a biography of this religious philosopher, as well as a timeline of the Protestant
Reformation. Listen to MIDI music in German and English.
www.geocities.com/Vienna/1667/luther.html

Biographical History, Martin Luther
Provides a biographical history divided into 4 segments. Offers time lines, pictures and
related links. pweb.netcom.com/~supeters/luther.html

Martin Luther and Protestantism
Find a detailed description of this Protestant sect founded by Martin Luther in the
sixteenth century. Includes details about doctrine and practices.
encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=028E3000

Reformation Database
Boston College's project provides scholars and theologians with a searchable
database of more than 300 writings by and about this philosopher.
luther.bc.edu/default.html

Luther's 95 Theses and Its Effects on Protestant Sects
Learn about the four different Protestant sects and discover how their doctrines
originated from Martin Luther's "95 Theses."
encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=01081000

Luther's Writings
Offers excerpts and complete texts of Luther's various writings and sermons,
academic articles and essays, and resource links. www.luther.de/e/worms.html

Irish Resistance to English Reformation
Narrative history covering 1541-1598 details Ireland's resistance to the English
Reformation and colonization efforts by Mary I and Elizabeth I.
www.fortunecity.com/bally/sligo/93/past/history/15411598.html

Protestant Reformation, General History
Provides an analysis of the main influences, causes, and results of the religious
movement. Includes hyperlinks to key figures and concepts.
www.infoplease.com/ce5/CE043575.html

Reformation Documents
Supplies a copy of the document that marked the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation. Presented in English, Latin, and German.
home.cvc.org/95.htm

Protestant Leaders and Their Theology
Find extensive links to information about key figures and major events in the
Protestant Reformation. Includes theology and Bible study aids.
www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/index.html

Catholic Response to the Reformation
Extensive collection of primary and secondary sources recording the Church's
response to the Protestant Reformation. history.hanover.edu/early/cath.html

Reformation Map
Provides a map of the European continent that depicts the political situation
during the era of the Protestant Reformation. Focuses on the Papal States.
www.ao.net/~fmoeller/map8.html

Catholic Documents in Response to Reformation
Compiles links to excerpts from original documents produced by the Roman
Catholic community in response to the Protestant Reformation.
www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Counter/Counter.html

Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion
Find the full text to the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, a seminal work of the
Protestant Reformation. Available in both English and Latin.
sunflower.singnet.com.sg/~kohfly/articles.html

Henry VIII and the English Reformation
Course guide from Washington State Univ. presents the story of Henry VIII's
break with Rome and contrasts the English and European Reformations.
www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/ENGLAND.HTML

Reformation Resources by Country and Person
Find a collection of links organized by country and by person. Includes primary
sources, biographical profiles, and academic essays. history.hanover.edu/early/prot.html

John Calvin's Works
Offers a collection of works by Calvin, including his analysis of Genesis, his prophet
commentaries, and The Institutes of Christian Religion.
"http://www.reformed.org/books/books.html"

John Calvin
Find a selection of links to biographical information, critical essays, and original writings.
Includes a profile of John Calvin.
www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Calvin/Calvin.Html

John Calvin, Sandlin Article
Article by Andrew Sandlin summarizes Calvin's scriptural defense of the practice
of baptizing children. www.forerunner.com/puritan/PS.Calvin_baptism.html

English Translation of Calvin's Works
Read an English translation of the book that constitutes Calvin's primary theological
contribution. Indexed by subject and by verse. www.smartlink.net/~douglas/calvin

John Calvin, Biography
Offers basic biographical information about John Calvin. Includes an analysis
of his legacy. www.ccel.org/c/calvin/calvin.html

Schism Between Luther and Zwingli
Provides an analysis of the schism between Luther and Zwingli, and traces Zwingli's
early education with the humanists. www.bible.org/docs/history/schaff/vol7/schaf176.html

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

EUROPE IN THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM

Absolutism
This site provides a thorough definition of absolutism and a glossary of terms relating to
the Enlightenment. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GLOSSARY/ABSOLUT

Cardinal Richelieu
The Lucid Cafe offers an excellent site regarding Richelieu with information on his career
along with information regarding books pertaining to Richelieu, other Internet sites and
ebooks. www.lucidcafe.com/library/95sep/richelieu.html

Prussia Online
Students can learn about Prussia's history, cities, music, maps and more in either the
English or German language at this website. www.michaelectric.com/prussia/

Glorious Revolution
This site contains encyclopedia references relevant to England's Glorious Revolution
as well as a chronology of events, quotations and a bibliography.
www.lawsch.uga.edu/~glorious/

Luminarium
The Luminarium is a site devoted to English Literature from the Middle Ages to the
year 1660. www.luminarium.org/lumina.htm

Search Beat
A host of timelines relevant to the seventeenth century and many other eras are contained
here. www.searchbeat.com/society/History/Timelines/

Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
A history of Britain can be found here with biographies of most of Britain's rulers and an
explanation of titles of nobility. www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/

Joan's Royal Favorites
This site contains history links, links to books and genealogies of the royal families of
several countries. www.xs4all.nl/~kvenjb/kings.htm

History
This is a good general history site.
www.thehistorynet.com/

Who were the Huguenots?
This site provides a good background on this group of French Protestants.
www.geocities.com/hugenoteblad/hist-html

Russian Dynasties - the Time of Troubles
A brief summary of the era can be found here along with a timeline of Russian leaders
from 1598-1613. http://members.vip.fi/~flax/history/russia/ti

History of St. Petersburg
Peter the Great's biography is briefly covered.
www.cityvision2000.com/history/peterthe.htm

House of Hohenzollern
Clifton Fox lists the heads of this important family from 1415 through today.
wwwtc.nhmccd.cctx.us/people/crf01/history/hohen.html

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
This site provides a biography of Kepler with an impressive list of sources.
http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/People/Kepler.html

Habsburgs - HyperHistory
A brief summary of the Habsburgs rise to power is provided here.
www.hyperhistory.com

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
A NEW KIND OF WORLD

The Enlightenment
paintings of France's National Museum, historical background, genealogy, paintings
and artists http://www.culture.Fr/lumiere/documents/files/imaginary-exhibition.html

Internet Modern Sourcebook: a massive collection of primary sources on the
Enlightenment, authors, thought, religion, guides for historians, and summaries
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook10.html

Links to information on persons, events, discourses, and geneologies
http://www.sonoma.edu/history/reason/

Links to other philosophical people, periods, and points of view
http://www.roga.demon.co.uk/frames.htm.

Olga's Gallery
a great resource for baroque painters
http://www.abcgallery.com

The Scientific Revolution
Internet Modern Sourcebook: massive collection of primary resources
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook09.html

Readings, research and links from the University of Florida
http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/o3-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/

John Locke
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: the life and writings of John Locke
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.html

Thomas Hobbes
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: the life and writings of Thomas Hobbes
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hobbes/html

Isaac Newton
biography and writings
http://www.newgenevacenter.org/biography/newton2.html

Galileo
works and discussion site
http://www2.centenary.edu/fobidden/galileo.html

Johannes Kepler
biography, Kepler firsts, Law of Planetary Motion, bibliography and a description of
contemporaries and events http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/johannes.html

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury
writings and biography of John Locke's friend and host (part of the Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/

Van Leeuwenhoek
bibliography, with pictures of his microscope
http://www.sciences.deomn.co.uk/whistmic.htm

Copernicus
Actual manuscript of his De Revolutionibus
http://www.bj.uj/edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html

Francis Bacon
essays of Francis Bacon
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mike_donnelly/bacon.htm

Jonathan Swift
Great Books Index provides texts and web sources
http://books.miror.org/gb.swift.html

Fugue Music
definitions, composers, and music
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/fugue

Jean Jacques Rousseau
Biography, time line and text of the Confessions
http://www.orst.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/rousseau.html

Great books collection of Rousseau's works
http://books.mirror.org/gb.rousseau.html

Catherine II, Empress of Russia
An Annotated Bibliography
http://kings.edu/~wmnhist/catherin.html.

Roger Bacon
On the True and Right Preparation of Stibium to heal human weakness:
http://levity.com/alchemy/rbacon2.html

Voltaire
Text version of Candide
http://literature.org/authors/voltaire

Texts, journals, and resources
http://history.hanover.edu/early/voltaire.html

An Honors Course: The Enlightenment
Ideas of Criticism and Reform in an International Context
http://arts.adelaide.edu/au/personal/DHART/Honours/TheEnlightenment/
Guide.html#HONOURS%20SPECIAL

CHAPTER FIFTEEN
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON BONAPARTE,
1789-1815

French Revolution Page
Peruse the time-line of pertinent events, learn about the three Louis kings that
preceded the uprising, or get details on the battles themselves.
www.angelfire.com/va/frenchrev

French Revolution Texts
Browse a large collection of original texts. Includes the Tennis Court Oath, the
Decree Abolishing Feudalism, and the Doctrine of Graccus Bebeuf.
history.hanover.edu/modern/frenchrv.htm

French Revolutionary Pamphlets
Browse scans of the entire contents of three classic pieces of literature produced
in Paris between 1789-91. humanities.uchicago.edu/homes/mark/fr_rev.html

Behind the Rose of Versailles
Discover characters, events, and scripts that inform about the French Revolution.
Includes scripts from Hans Axes Von Fersen.
www.geocities.com/Paris/Arc/8639/index.html

Royal Genealogies - King of France
Examine the genealogy for Louis XVI and for Marie Antoinette. Also find a discourse
on the financial burdens prompting the French Revolution.
ftp.cac.psu.edu/~saw/royal/r30.html#I1424

Time-Line of Events
Trace the trajectory of the events of the French Revolution through 1799. Includes several
appropriate images from art of the period. www.angelfire.com/va/frenchrev/timeline.html

Women in the French Revolution
Read an essay on the failure of the Parisian women's movement in relation to the theories
of feminism by Rousseau and Condorcet. www.tcr.org/advpl_6.html

University of Warwick - Glossary
Large, helpful index of French terms and expressions used within the context of the
Revolution. Includes English definitions.
www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/History/teaching/french-rev/glossary.html

Great French Revolution, The
Partial transcription of P A Kropotkin's text analyzing the activities of 1789-93.
Provides several chapters in full detail. www3.hmc.edu/~brdavis/courses/anarchy/revolution

Origins of the French Revolution
Journalism resource explores the causes and origins of the French revolution, discussing the
influences of the French philosophers Voltaire and Rousseau. www.sacklunch.net/history/57.html

Historian - Religious Origins of the French Revolution
Access a review of this book written by Dale K. Van Kley and gain insight into its analysis
of the Revolution. www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m2082/2_61/54469232/p1/article.jhtml

Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide
Provides a clearinghouse of resources on Napoleon including a list of recommended sites,
book reviews, and a mailing list. come.to/napoleon

1812 - Napoleon's March to Russia
Resource provides a step-by-step overview of Napoleon's march to Moscow. Also find
portraits, related links and a bibliography.
www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/textindex.html

Bonaparte, Napoleon - Emperor of France
Profiles the military commander and ruthless conqueror. Details his civil administration.
www.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95aug/napoleon.html

Napoleon Bonaparte
Read a brief history and chronology of the man and find a large selection of exhibits,
including portraits from the time. www.library.stir.ac.uk/spcoll/napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte Timeline
Find a comprehensive rendering of the Napoleonic period. Includes links to salient
events complete with commentary and maps. members.tripod.com/~mhkerekes/napoleontl.htm

CHAPTER SIXTEEN
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, 1760-1850

Dickens, Charles
Literary museum for readers, teachers and scholars of the author of "Oliver Twist."
Includes audio archive, conferences and journals. humwww.ucsc.edu/dickens/index.html

James Hargreaves
Site provides brief discussion of James Hargreaves and his spinning jenny.
www.cottontimes.co.uk/hargreaveso.htm

Samuel Crompton
Bolton's Samuel Crompton 1753-1827, inventor of the spinning mule.
www.bolton.org.uk/samuelcrompton.html

Whitney, Eli - National Inventors Hall of Fame
Inventor of the Cotton Gin in the 18th century began the concept of mass-production.
Photograph and biographical details. www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/152.html

All-Info About English Culture - Gin: The Spirit of England
A brief discussion of the history of gin, for a time the liquor of the industrial workers
of England. englishculture.allinfoabout.com/features/gin.html

Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions
Edwin Chadwick's 1842 report chronicles how unregulated industrial growth adversely
affected the lower classes in Britain. landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/history/chadwick2.html

Steam Engine
Provides Robert H Thurston's work, "A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine," in
full-text format separated by chapter. www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878

George Stephenson biography
George Stephenson, the career of the great Victorian railroad engineer - part of the British
Biography guide from Britain Express. www.britainexpress.com/History/bio/stephenson.htm

George Stephenson - The First Steam Locomotive Engine
George Stephenson is considered to be the inventor of the first steam locomotive engine for
railways inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrailroad7.htm

Luddites, The
Detailed introduction to this anti-industrial protest movement which had revolutionary
undertones. Led by 'King Ludd', they destroyed machines.
www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm

1833 Factory Act, The - Public Record Office
Find a selection of documents pertaining to the law that improved children's working
conditions. Includes a list of related legislation.
learningcurve.pro.gov.uk/snapshots/snapshot13/snapshot13.htm

Public Health Act poster, Ormskirk, Lancashire, 1848.
This site presents a poster from Victorian Britain concerning the Public Health Act.
learningcurve.pro.gov.uk/victorianbritain/healthy/source6f.htm

The poster presentation is part of a larger site concerning health and disease in Victorian
Britain. To access the larger site click on the back to main page instruction or go to:
http://learningcurve.pro.gov.uk/victorianbritain/healthy/main.htm

Once at this site, click on the images/illustrations that surround the text discussion to
view other sources.

Smith, Adam - McMaster University Archive
This university archive of texts by Adam Smith offers in addition a bibliography and related
historical articles about his life, beliefs and economic philosophy.
socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/smith

Essay on the Principle of Population - Thomas Malthus
Offers a text written by Malthus in 1798 on the detrimental effects on human society caused
by overpopulation. socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/malthus/popu.txt

Ricardo, David - McMaster Archive
University offers a collection of texts written by 19th-century British economist David Ricardo
and provides a bibliography of his works. socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ricardo

Brown University - Victorian Economics: An Overview
This site offers connections to information on various matters related to the industrializing
economy of Great Britain, including short discussions of the ideas of Thomas Malthus,
Adam Smith and David Ricardo. The site also includes bibliographies and other references
to additional sources. 65.107.211.206/victorian/economics/econov.html

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy (1760-1825)
This site presents a brief discussion of Claude-Henri de Rouvroy Saint-Simon (1760-1825),
seen as the founder of French socialism.
staff-www.uni-marburg.de/~multimed/theorie/klassik/owen/bios/Saint-Simon.html

The harmonic series of Charles Fourier
This site presents some of the work of Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and related information.
arthur.u-strasbg.fr/~ronse/CF/fourier.html

Blanc, Louis - Organization of Labour
Utopian socialist offers suggestions for the structure of labor in this essay from 1840.
Find details about the author. www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1840blanc.html

Owen, Robert - The Robert Owen Museum
Connect to a biography of the industrialist and social experimenter, as well as to
museum publications by and about him and details on the museum in Newtown, Wales.
robert-owen.midwales.com

Once at the website, click on Robert Owen 1771-1858 for a biography of the industrialist
turned socialist.

Utopian Socialist Societies in 19th Century America
Examine a study of several 19th century Utopian Socialist groups and their lifestyles. Learn
about Oneida and the Robert Owen group.
athena.louisville.edu/a-s/english/subcultures/colors/red/jtrieb01/utopiafront.html

Engels, Frederick - Marx/Engels Internet Archive
Explore the writings of Marx and Engels with this comprehensive database of online texts.
Includes biographies, letters, and images. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/index.htm

Marx, Karl - Study Guide for The Communist Manifesto
Read an online copy of "The Communist Manifesto," complete with a study guide and
essay and research questions. www.wsu.edu:8080/~brians/hum_303/manifesto.html

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
REACTION, REFORM AND REVOLUTION, 1815-1848

Alexander I
Find a portrait of the Imperial Russian Tsar and biographical information with a profile
of his reign and speculation on his death. members.tripod.com/Codim/rus/alex.html

Congress of Vienna - Library of Congress
Find an overview of the diplomatic plan for Europe engineered by Austrian statesman
Prince Metternich in 1815.
lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+at0029)

Modern History Sourcebook: Metternich: Political Confession 1820
Prince Klemens von Metternich: Political Confession of Faith, 1820 Prince Klemens
von Metternich (1773-1859) was the leading figure in European government up until 1848.
www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1820metternich.html

Poetry Archive - Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Browse this index of poems by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, including "Love" and "Kubla Khan."
www.poetry-archive.com/c/coleridge_samuel_taylor.html

Beethoven
Lugwig Van Beethoven was born in Bonn, in western Germany, at the end of 1770. At the
time, his grandfather was in charge of musical establishment in Bonn, and his father was
a tenor singer. www.geocities.com/oboe4life/beethoven.html

Island of Freedom - Francisco Goya
Features a profile of the Spanish painter and a collection of Goya resources.
www.island-of-freedom.com/GOYA.HTM

Last Century of the Habsburg Monarchy - Bibliography
European history scholars will find this reading list useful for information about the famed
Habsburg dynasty. www.h-net.msu.edu/~habsweb/syllabi/century.html

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord 1754-1838
The association Les Amis de Talleyrand presents the life and the action of Talleyrand, a
French diplomat and politician from the time of Napoleon. The site offers a bibliographical
database of 2000 entries. www.amis-talleyrand.asso.fr

Island of Freedom - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Profile on the most influential thinker since Kant includes biographical data, a summary of
his Absolute Mind concept, and related site links. www.island-of-freedom.com/HEGEL.HTM

Concert of Europe
The Concert of Europe was formulated in 1815 as a mechanism to enforce the decisions of
the Congress of Vienna. www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/~bsilva/projects/concert/concessy.html

Carlsbad Decrees
Carlsbad Decrees, 1819, resolutions adopted by the ministers of German states at a conference
at Carlsbad that was convened and dominated by Prince Metternich following the murder of
August von Kotzebue by a student. www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0810473

Decembrists and The Russian Intelligentsia
Student essay on the noblemen who led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1825 describes the
political climate of the era and the revolt's failings.
www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/ayrapetova-dec.html

Passages in the Life of a Radical - Peterloo Massacre
Offers Samuel Bamford's eyewitness account of the incident that inaugurated a decade of
government repression against the workers movement.
www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1819bamford.html

Corn Law Debate - Peel Web
Find a series of essays covering economic, legislative, and political aspects of the issue.
Includes a collection of speech transcripts. dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/peel/cldebate.htm

Chartism, People's Petition - Modern History Sourcebook
Petition sent to Parliament in 1838 lays out the tenets of the emerging workers' rights
movement. Find a copy with an explanatory introduction.
www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1838chartism.html

Northern Star
Education on the Internet; Teaching History Online Spartacus, USA History, British History,
Second World War, First World War, Germany, In 1837, Feargus O'Connor, the Leeds
representative of the London Working Mens' Association, decided to establish the Northern
Star newspaper. www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHnorthern.htm

Louis Philippe - Infoplease.com
Citizen king eventually abdicated, despite years of successful diplomacy and leadership,
after the February Revolution of 1848. looksmart.infoplease.com/ce5/CE031402.html

Blanc, Louis - Organisation of Labour
Utopian socialist offers suggestions for the structure of labor in this essay from 1840.
Find details about the author. www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1840blanc.html

Jellachich de Buzim, Joseph, Count
1801-59, Austrian general, a Croatian nobleman. He was governor of Croatia when
the Revolution of 1848 broke out in Hungary, and he commanded an army against
the revolutionists. His purpose was to separate Croatia from Hungary.
www.slider.com/enc/27000/Jellachich_de_Buzim_Joseph_Count.htm

Magyars - Columbia Encyclopedia
Traces the linguistic and cultural origins of the nomadic people who migrated to Europe
in the 9th century. www.bartleby.com/65/ma/Magyars.html

June Days
The euphoria that set in after the revolution in February was short-lived among the workers
in Paris. Promised a right to work, they found almost no employment in the private sector
since the depression had severely hurt or bankrupted businesses.
www.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/ip/junedays.htm

CHAPTER EIFHTEEN
NATIONALISM & REALPOLITIK 1848-1871

Napoleon III
Overview of his life and works
http://www.newgenevacenter.org/biography/louis-napoleon2.html

German Customs Union
A history of its role in the 1848 revolution http://search.msn.com/results.asp?FORM=sCPN&RS=
CHECKD&un=doc&vn=18q=Zollverein

Giuseppe Garibaldi
The Anthony Camoandla Collection with a massive collection of writings, pictures and images
http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/hist/garib/garib/html

Otto von Bismarck
Portraits and a detailed biography of
http://sangha.net/messengers/bismarck.html

Paris Commune
Links to over 1200 digitized photos
http://www.library.northwestern.edu/spec/siege/

Socialists (19th century)
An excellent source of writings and biographies
http://www.marxists.org/reference/bio/

Crimean War
An analysis of the causes, campaigns and peace treaty
http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/19crimeanwar.html

Russian peasant (serf) life
An informative account and description during the period of emancipation
http://www.historyhouse.com/in_historyr/russian_peasant

Alexander II
A survey of reforms and their effects on Russia and international policy
http://webserver.reds.rye.ny.us/id/Politics/Danger%20Boy's%20Politics%20Page.html

Alexander II and his times
a narrative of Russian history with links to 100s of images
http://www.emich.edu/public/history/moss/

Florence Nightingale
An impressive collection of letters and data bases
http://clendening.kumc.edu/dc/fn/

Royal East India Company and the China Trade
with implications about the Opium War
http://www.discovery.com/stories/history/captain/ei_company.html

Opium Wars
A short history detailing the ceding to the British of Hong Kong and the British monopoly
of the Opium Trade http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/heroin/opiwar1.html

Suez Canal
A discussion of the long and multinational history
http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/Modern/suezcanal.html

Realism
The Victorian Web from Brown University discuss the concepts, writers and influence
of realism http://1165.107.211.206/genre/Realism.html

Tolstoy
Online editions of his works
http://books.mirror.org/gb.tolstoy.html

Auguste Comte and the Positivists
A good summary of positivism
http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/history110b/posit.html

Nationalism
An excellent definition and examples from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism

The Seven Years War
Although this website is mostly about American battles in the French and Indian War,
this site has a massive collection of information and includes video of some of the battles.
http://www.militaryheritage.com7yrsWar.html

Emile Zola
Although partially an ad for Amazon.com, this site includes an excellent biography of the
French writer. http://www.krjasto.sci.fi/ezola.html

CHAPTER NINETEEN
LA BELLE EPOCH: EUROPE'S GOLDEN AGE 1971-1914

SparkNotes: History Study Guides
The people at SparkNotes provide study guides for many eras, including 1871-1914.
www.sparknotes.com/history/.dir/

Trenches on the Web - Timeline: Index
This site provides a timeline that starts before 1871 and ends after 1914
www.worldwar1.com/tlindex.htm

Europe at its Zenith, 1871-1914
An outline of relevant topics is provided here.
www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/hst329o8.htm

European Power Balance (1871-1914)
Questions and answers are found here on the foreign policy objectives of the major
European powers. www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/powerbalance.html

Society, Politics, & Culture 1871-1914
This site contains an excellent and very thorough outline of this era.
campus.pc.edu/faculty/ncade/ww1.htm

German Unification
A detailed account of the process of German unification is covered at this site.
mars.acnet.wenc.edu/~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/10unification.html

Great Power Politics
Gerhard Rempel covers international politics and the wars of this era in much
greater detail than the text can provide.
mars.acnet.wenc.edu/~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/11greatpower.html

Otto Von Bismarck
Bismarck's social programs are the sole focus of this site.
www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html

Research Benjamin Disraeli at Questia
A listing of books and articles on Disraeli are available here.
www.questia.com

Comte, Auguste -Positivism: Electronic Texts
Texts of or relating to Comte are available through this site in both French and English.
membres.lycos.fr/clotilde/

Russo-Japanese War Research Society
This is a wonderfully thorough site with background on the events leading to and
through the war, maps, charts, biographies, and more www.russojapanese.com

Boxer Rebellion
Students can receive a detailed explanation of the situation in China in the nineteenth
century and the events that led up to the Boxer Rebellion.
www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.htm

The Affair
Not only do students get the story of the Dreyfus Affair, but they get a reprint of an
article from a 1995 issue of Time in which the French military concedes the innocence
of Dreyfus, over 100 years after the fact. www.wfu.edu/~sinclair/dreyfus.htm

Great Zionist Leaders I: Theodore Herzl
A rabbis gives a sermon describing and praising the efforts of Herzl in securing a homeland
for the Jews. www.beth-elsa.org/be-s0314.htm

Impressionism
This site describes the concepts of Impressionistic art and offers lessons on the major
themes of this type of artform. www.impresionism.org/

CHAPTER TWENTY
THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919

World War I - The Great War
Furnishes an archive of related links chronicling the years 1914 - 1919.
www.rockingham.k12.va.us/EMS/WWI/WWI.html

The Great War
Television production called "The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century".
With interviews, maps, timeline, and bookstore. www.pbs.org/greatwar

WWI Document Archive
Eclectic mix of documents including press releases, official documents, biographies,
maps, commentary articles, treaties and reminiscences. www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi

World War I - The War Times Journal, Great War Series
Archive of articles about World War I covers the Western and Eastern fronts, the
1916 Zeppelin offensive and the Red Baron. www.wtj.com/pl/pages/greatwar.htm

Maritime War
Learn about the battles that were waged in the ocean during World War I. Provides
photos and an overview of the battles and campaigns.
www.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/naval/n0000000.htm

WWI Trenches on the Web
Large resource offering articles, images, bibliographies and guides providing information
about the people, places and events of the Great War. www.worldwar1.com

Aerodrome
Aces, aircraft, medals and decorations from WWI. Search for information, chat, participate
in a forum or explore this well designed site. www.theaerodrome.com

Great War Association
Provides a guide to World War I reenactment groups throughout the US. View a calendar
of events. www.great-war-assoc.org

Photos of the Great War
Provides an extensive collection of photos from World War I. Categories include heads
of state, weapons, commanders, and animals at war.
www.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/photos/greatwar.htm

League of World War I Aviation Historians
Learn about the fierce air battles that took place during the Great War. Features photos
and a guide to local chapters of the league. www.overthefront.com

Introduction to World War I Poetry
Get a more artistic and emotional perspective on the Great War through this collection of
British poetry. Includes a section for women's poems. info.ox.ac.uk/jtap/tutorials/intro

Hellfire Corner
Resource for the Great War features articles that focus on the experiences of those who
fought in battle. www.fylde.demon.co.uk/welcome.htm

British Posters of World War I
Take a look at propaganda posters that were used by the United Kingdom during the
Great War. gulib.lausun.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/britpost/britpost.htm

World War I Letters
Webmaster provides letters from her grandfather that he wrote while serving with the
US army during the First World War. www.u.arizona.edu/~rstaley/wwlettr1.htm

Life at Camp Funston
Offers letters from a member of Ambulance Company 239 during World War I. Take
a look at the photos. www2.okstate.edu/ww1hist

World War I Document Archive: WWI Official Papers by Country
Brigham Young University Library site offers texts of WWI-related documents.
www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/papers.html

World War I Documents Archive: Conventions and Treaties
Brigham Young University site with historical document texts.
www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/treaties.html

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE
THE INTERWAR ERA, 1920-1939

Dix, Otto - Spartacus
This site profiles the German painter whose paintings reflected the horrors of the Great
War. It includes examples of his work and quotes by the artist.
www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ARTdix.htm

Also try: artcyclopedia.com/artists/dix_otto.html to access sites where other works of
Otto Dix may be viewed.

The Weimar Constitution
Provides excerpts from the Constitution of the German Federation of August 11,
1919 (The Weimar Constitution) web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html

Keynes, John Maynard - Economic Consequences of Peace
Archive of electronic texts offers the full text of Keynes' book "The Economic
Consequences of Peace." Read, download or print the text.
socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace

Also see socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/vebrev for a critique
of Keynes' book by economist Thorstein Veblen.

Irish Declaration of Independence, 1919
Document repudiates English claims of sovereignty over Ireland, and demands the
immediate removal of British soldiers. wwwvms.utexas.edu/~jdana/decindep.html

The above site is part of a larger site on Irish history. For the homepage of the Irish
history site, which contains information, images, documents and more related to Irish
history in general as well as the Irish independence movement's interwar efforts, go to:
http://wwwvms.utexas.edu/~jdana/irehist.html

German-Russian agreement, signed at Rapallo, April 16, 1922.
Text is provided of the Rapallo agreement, the German-Russian agreement, signed
at Rapallo, April 16, 1922. www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/interwar/rapallo.htm

The above site is part of a larger site that provides several documents on the international
relations of the interwar era. To see more, go to www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/feros-pg.htm
scroll down and click on "Documents of the Interwar Period."

Mussolini, Benito
This Oxford University profile of the dictator includes details on his early life, his rise to
power as the ruler of Italy, and his eventual downfall.
gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_mussolini.html

Another site provides pictures of Mussolini, including some extremely graphic pictures of the
dictator and his mistress Clara Petacci after their execution near the end of World War II.
Includes a brief biography. members.aol.com/davlowe/mussolini

The Locarno Protocol, 1925
Final Protocol of the Locarno Conference The Conference of Locarno, October 5-16, 1925.
www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1918p/locarno.html

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
Provides the text of the Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 Treaty between the United States and
other Powers providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. The
site is part of the Avalon Project of Yale University that provides many other documents on-line.
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/kbpact.htm

Stalin, Joseph - World War II Commemoration
Profile examines the tumultuous life and political career of the Soviet leader. Link to other
articles on World War II. gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_stalin.html

Stalin, Joseph - Internet Archive
Resource includes several articles written by the Communist Party General Secretary, and
photos. csf.colorado.edu/mirrors/marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin

Kulaks - Library of Congress
Browse through English translations of the execution orders issued by Lenin during a 1918
grain-confiscation program. metalab.unc.edu/pjones/russian/Kulaks.html

Hitler, Adolf - Grolier
Grolier Online offers a biography of the leader of the German Nazi party. Contains links to
World War II articles. www.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_hitler.html

Nuremberg Race Laws
Documents the laws that were passed in Nazi Germany regarding race and marriage.
www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-nurem-laws.htm

KRISTALLNACHT
This site discusses the 1938 Nazi pogrom against German Jews.
www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/knacht.html

Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection
Describes texts and images collected by an American journalist. The material is now part
of the Mandeville Special Collections Library. Images of propaganda posters are presented.
orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/collects/southw.html

Anschluss and the Munich Agreement - This Sceptred Isle
Features a 1938 excerpt from the Times detailing Britain's lack of preparedness for the
upcoming war. Includes a profile of Chamberlain.
www.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/radio4/sceptred_isle/sceptred_isle.pl?episode=201

The British Parliamentary Debate on the Munich Agreement
We've done a good deal with congressional debate in this course, but now some with the
British legislature, and its response to the Munich Accords.
academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/munichdebate.htm

Munich Agreement and its Application
Offers a collection of French documents and diplomatic communiques pertaining to the
document. Includes text of the agreement. www.metalab.unc.edu/pha/fyb/part_1.html

The Avalon Project : The Munich Agreement - Documents
At this site, the Avalon Project at Yale Law School presents various documents and
information concerning the Munich Accords.
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/document/munmenu.htm

Chamberlain, Neville - Peace For Our Time Speech
Ill-advised peace agreement delayed Britain's entrance into World War II. Find a copy
of Chamberlain's brief address. library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html

BBC - History - Arthur Neville Chamberlain biography
Biography of Arthur Neville Chamberlain
www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/monarchs_leaders/chamberlain_arthur_neville.shtml

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO
WORLD WAR II 1939-1945

Britain's Response to Germany's Invasion of Poland
Includes two speeches and a radio address by Neville Chamberlain informing the British
people about the commencement of hostilities. www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/gbmenu.htm

Winter War - Telegrams From Each Day of the Winter War
Read the text of communications sent within Finland during their 1939-40 struggle with the Soviet Union. www.mil.fi/tiedotus/talvisota_eng

Stalin's Role in the Coming of WWII
Reports on the international perceptions of the Communist leader of Soviet Russia's goals based on contemporary memoirs and new archival info.
www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/raack2.htm

The Maginot Line
Fairly comprehensive study of the French fortifications, which proved obsolete in WWII. Enter forts, study diagrams, and find remnants. www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/1491

The Second World War Experience Centre - 1940 Dunkirk Veterans' Association
1940 Dunkirk Veterans' Association site provides information on an organization for those involved in the evacuation at Dunkirk. www.war-experience.org/veterans/1940-dunkirk

Battle of Britain History Site
Royal Air Force recognizes the 60th anniversary of this battle by describing it in depth. Find a daily timeline of events, commander profiles, and more. www.raf.mod.uk/bob1940/bobhome.html

Avalon Project, The - Lend Lease
Find a copy of the preliminary agreement between the US and the UK that allowed a steady flow of supplies to the British war effort.
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/decade/decade04.htm

Mutual Aid Agreement Between the US and the USSR
Read the terms of the document signed on June 11, 1942 which is otherwise known as the lend-lease agreement, for cooperation during WWII.
www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/amsov42.htm

History Channel - The Battle of Stalingrad
History Channel profiles the Battle of Stalingrad. Includes quotes, discussion questions, a battle map, and resources for further reading.
www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/classroom/gcse/staling.htm

Battle of Midway - 4-7 June 1942
Features a lengthy account of the Pacific theater engagement from the US Navy, including links to related reports. www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq81-1.htm

National D-Day Memorial Foundation
Take a tour of the Bedford, Virginia memorial, find a narrative detailing the Allied invasion, and read histories from D-Day veterans. The site also contains links to other sites with information about D-Day. www.dday.org

PBS American Experience D-Day Special
Online companion to the TV special offers narratives, letters from the front, personal accounts, a map of the invasion, and a reading list. www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/dday

Battleship Bismarck
Greatest and most feared of Germany's battleships. Study her data, meet the crew, view photos, and follow her to an early North Sea grave. www.kbismarck.com

Documents Related to World War II
This site provides access to a broad selection of documents of World War II.
www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww2.htm

Dresden - World War Two
See an image of the German city after the Allied bombing raid during World War II. Includes an overview of the event. www.valourandhorror.com/BC/Raids/Dresden.htm

Ardennes-Alsace
Detailed military account of the Battle of the Bulge and related fighting in the winter of 1944-1945. Includes photographs and maps.
www.army.mil/cmh-pg/brochures/ardennes/aral.htm

Iwo Jima
Learn more about the bloody and vicious island engagement in 1945. Includes photos and details of the ill-fated flag raisers of Mt. Surabachi. www.iwojima.com

Los Alamos National Laboratory History
Read articles written upon the lab's 50th anniversary in 1993. Includes information on how the atomic bomb was built and the decision to use it.
www.lanl.gov/external/welcome/history.html

Atomic Archive
Archive chronicling the history of the Manhattan Project and the building of the atomic bomb includes many photos, and bios of key scientists. www.atomicarchive.com

Yalta Conference
Declaration by the Allies covers post-war reparations, details plans for the defeat of Germany, and examines the fate of Poland.
www.metalab.unc.edu/pha/policy/1945/450212b.html

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
National museum for the documentation, study and interpretation of Holocaust history. View exhibitions, the survivor registry, and historical information. www.ushmm.org

Holocaust Home Page - Shamash
Index compiled by the Jewish Internet Consortium posts links to documents that refute the claims of Holocaust revisionists and related resources. www.shamash.org/holocaust

Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation
Details the project to chronicle the living testimonies of those who survived the holocaust. Provides foundation details and repository access. www.vhf.org

Non-Jewish Victims of the Holocaust
Details other victims of the Nazis, with special emphasis on the Polish people. Presents photos, documents, and other resources. www.holocaustforgotten.com

Hitler, Adolf - The Death of
Washington Post article examines Hitler's controversial death in light of new Russian-derived evidence.
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/deathofhitler.htm

Rutgers Journal of Law & Religion - Nuremberg Project
Publication presents selected papers from the Donovan Collection of Nuremberg Documents. Includes commentary articles and a description of this archive.
camlaw.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/nuremberg.htm

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE
THE POSTWAR ERA 1945-1968

Adenauer Era
Describes the West German government's policies from 1949-1963, including integration into the Western alliance, economic policy, willingness to foster European integration, and laws passed to fight anti-semitism.
mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/40adenauer.html

Camus, Albert - Camus and Existentialism
See a biography and samples of this Nobel laureate's work.
members.aol.com/KatharenaE/Private/Philo/Camus/camus.html

De Gaulle, Charles - MSN Encarta
Encyclopedia biography of the French leader. Includes photos and links to other people and events of the time. Encarta.msn.com/find/concise.asp?ti=761563271

Kennedy, John F. - 14 Days in October
This graphically attractive study of the Cuban Missile Crisis includes an overview, video of Kennedy's speech, and messages between JFK and Khruschev.
library.thinkquest.org/11046

CNN Cold War Interviews - Robert McNamara
Sessions with the former Secretary of Defense in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations include insights on Vietnam War, JFK, LBJ, the 1963 coup in Saigon and the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/24/interviews

Cold War: Soviet and Related History Documents
California State University in San Marcos presents a useful list of available documents.
coyote.csusm.edu/public/guests/history/websites/coldwar.html

Cold War, The
A look at the major conflicts during the period: Vietnam, Korea, Cuban Missile Crisis. Information on leaders, including Kennedy, Stalin, and Gorbachev.
library.thinkquest.org/22059/index2.html

Cold War: (Truman)
Has Cold War links including Marshall Plan, NATO, Korean War, Churchill's Iron Curtain speech, and speeches from Stalin.
rvcscschools.org/IBHistory/coldwar2.htm

Documents Related to the Cold War
Probably all the information you could need. Supplies an enormous trove of Cold War documents, organized by year from 1945 to 1991.
mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/coldwar.htm

European Union (Europa)
Official site of the European Union, which began as the European Economic Community. Includes comprehensive news, information, documents, statistics, history since inception, and links to other servers. europa.eu.int

Existentialism and Human Emotions
Read a selection by Existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre on this topic.
anselm.edu/homepage/dbanach/exist.htm

Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum
This archive has over 10,000 documents, including photos and diplomatic files.
fdrlibrary.marist.edu

Khruschev, Nikita - Crimes of the Stalin Era
Text of Khruschev's "Secret Speech" to the 20th Party Congress of the Soviet Union in 1956. trussel.com/hf/stalin.htm

Stalin Era in Cold War - Document Library
Woodrow Wilson Center for scholars presents a collection of original documents and working papers. Numerous other Cold War documents as well.
cwihp.si.edu/cwihplib.nsf?OpenDatabase&start=1&Count=30&Expand=15

U.S. News Online - Cold War Archive
Archive of the news magazine's articles. Includes useful links to related sites and a Cold War quiz. usnews.com/usnews/news/991018/histarch.htm

Women's Liberation Documents
Duke University's excellent collection of documents and bibliographies dealing with various facets of the Women's Movement. Includes considerable material from the period 1945-1968. scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm

World Bank
Created at the Bretton Woods Conference, go to the World Bank's site for an idea of the myriad development projects it funds. Click on "About Us" and then "Archives and History" to examine its formation and function during the postwar period. There are over 135,000 cubic feet of records available.
World Bank: worldbank.org

CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR
A NEW EUROPE & THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

American Experience: Reagan
PBS site on the 39th U.S. president's life. Includes excerpts from speeches, chronology, analysis. pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan

Attack on America: Osama bin Laden, al-Qa'ida, and Terrorism
East Carolina University site with a wealth of information on Bin Laden, his ideology, and activities. Links to many sources on terrorism. lib.ecu.edu/govdoc/terrorism.html

Books and Writers: Simone de Beauvoir
Good concise biography and explanations of her existentialist and feminist views. Link to Jean-Paul Sartre. kirjasto.scifi/beauvoir.htm

CNN Cold War Series
A wealth of interviews with major figures including Fidel Castro, George Bush, Boris Yeltsin, Mikhail Gorbachev and Henry Kissinger. Extensive links.
cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/24/

CNN: Slobodan Milosevic
Biography of the "Butcher of the Balkans" and history of the Serbian-Bosnian War. Links to related sites. cnn.com/resources/newsmakers/world/europe/milosevic.html

COMING DOWN FAST! Replaying the 1960s
Conference at the University of Wolverhampton, England in 1998. Good bibliographical source on the 1960s cultural revolution and its impact.wlv.ac.uk/~fa1871/6898page.html

Dayton Peace Accords on Bosnia
University of Minnesota site supplies the entire text of accord negotiated with U.S. President Clinton and enforced by NATO. 1umn.edu/humanrts/icty/Dayton/daytonaccord.html

Europa, The European Union Online
Official site of the European Union. Includes history, official documents, the Union's activities. Very comprehensive. europa.eu.int/

Educate Yourself: The Arab Oil Embargo of 1973-1974
Good background on OPEC and the effects of the first international oil embargo.
buy and hold.com/bh/en/education/history/2002arab.html

Globalization Conundrum, The
Fascinating interview in France magazine with Philip H. Gordon, Director of the Brookings Institution's Center on the United States and France. Building from Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber's famous book, The American Challenge, Gordon maintains that France is adapting to globalization within a European context and with its EU partners, while seeking to protect its own cultural identity.
brook.edu/dybdocroot/views/interviews/gordon/20010101.htm

Green Parties World Wide
Links to homepages of every Green Party affiliate in the world. Green philosophy presented. greens.org

Guardian Unlimited Special Reports: Bush's New World Order
British newspaper article from September 14, 2001 supporting U.S. President George W. Bush's call for solidarity against terror but expressing European fears of the "wounded superpower" running roughshod over the interests and sensibilities of the rest of the world. guardian.co.uk/wtccrash/story/0,1300,551637,00.html

Gulf War, The
An in-depth look at the Gulf War and the crisis that precipitated it from PBS Frontline, January 1996. pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/

Margaret Thatcher Site, The
An attractive and informative site on Britain's "Iron Lady" of the 1980s.
thatcheronline.co.uk/

Mikhail Sergeevicch Gorbachev
Biographical chronology of the last Soviet Premier's life. Includes links to Suslov, Khruschev, Andropov, perestroika, 1985 Geneva Summit with U. S. President Reagan.
anet.net/~upstart/gorby.html

Pope John Paul II's Message (English Version)
Speech to visiting representatives of Poland's Solidarity trade union in 1996, recalling meaning of the movement in national liberation. catholic.org.tw.vntaiwan/veritas/rvapope.htm

Postmodernism
An essay by Colorado professor Mary Klages explaining postmodernism and differentiating it from modernism. colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012klages/pomo.html

Revolution in Eastern Europe: 1989
Professor Gerhard Rempel of Western New England College provides a thoughtful essay on the causes and development of the overthrow of Communism in Eastern Europe. Includes informed commentary on the liberation movements in each country.
mars.acnet.mnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev89.html

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Questia
Questia online library, voluminous list of sources and opportunities to read excerpts on the conflict. questia.com/SearchNoAuthMediator.qst?.action=1

Terrorism Research Center
Provides links to sources on contemporary terrorism, including U.S. Government sites. See also U.S. State Department. terrorism.com/