| Chapter 1
 Catalog
|
The Foundations of Western
Civilization
|
Chronology
|
2 |
|
Prehistory to the Dawn of Civilization in the Near East
|
3 |
|
Early Humans and Prehistoric Achievements
|
4 |
|
The Paleolithic Period
|
4 |
|
The Neolithic Revolution
|
5 |
|
The Rise and Influence of Mesopotamian Civilization
|
8 |
|
Sumerian Civilization
|
9 |
|
Akkadians, Amorites, and the Rise of Empire
|
12 |
|
The Rise and Influence of Egyptian Civilization
|
14 |
|
Egyptian History and Development
|
14 |
|
Egyptian Civilization
|
16 |
|
The Influence of Neighboring, Infiltrating and Other Peoples
|
23 |
|
Indo-Europeans
|
24 |
|
Asia Minor and the Aegean World
|
24 |
|
The Hittites
|
25 |
|
The Age of Small Kingdoms
|
27 |
|
The Hebrews
|
29 |
|
Other Peoples
|
33 |
|
The Assyrian Empire
|
34 |
|
The Persian Empire
|
36 |
|
Development in Peripheral Areas: The Prehistory of Europe
|
39 |
|
The Geography of Europe
|
39 |
|
The Spread and Characteristics on Neolithis
Life in Europe
|
40 |
|
The Urnfield Culture
|
43 |
|
The Celts
|
44 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
47 |
|
| Chapter 2
Catalog
|
The Greeks
|
Chronology
|
51 |
|
Hellenic Culture and Civilization
|
52 |
|
The Minoans (1900-1150 B.C.)
|
53 |
|
The Mycenaens (1600-1200 BC)
|
54 |
|
The Dark Age (1150-750 BC)
|
55 |
|
The Archaic Age (750-500 BC)
|
56 |
|
The Olympic Games
|
57 |
|
The Polis
|
57 |
|
The Hoplite Phalanx
|
59 |
|
Sparta
|
60 |
|
The Persian War
|
63 |
|
The Classical Age (500-323 BC)
|
64 |
|
The Delian League
|
64 |
|
Spartan and Theben Hegemony
|
69 |
|
Classical Culture
|
69 |
|
Literature
|
69 |
|
Philosophy
|
70 |
|
Classical Art
|
73 |
|
Architecture
|
73 |
|
Sculpture
|
74 |
|
The Hellenistic World and Civilization
|
74 |
|
Philip II of Macedonia and Alexander the
Great
|
75 |
|
Hellenistic Cities and Kingdoms
|
78 |
|
Hellenistic Civilization: Religion and
Philosophy
|
79 |
|
Science
|
80 |
|
Literature and Art
|
81 |
|
Conclusion
|
82 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
83 |
|
| Chapter 3
Catalog
|
The Romans
|
Chronology
|
86
|
|
The Estrucans
|
87
|
|
Rome's Location
|
88
|
| The Period of the Republic 509
BC to 27 BC |
88 |
|
The Early Republic: Expansion of Rome and
Its Control of the Italian Peninsula
|
88
|
|
The Assembly
|
89
|
| The Tribune and Twelve Tables |
89 |
| The Middle Republic: 264-133 BC |
90 |
| The Later Republic: 133 BC to
27 BC |
91 |
| The End of the Republic |
92 |
|
Julius Caesar
|
93
|
| Octavian 63 BC - 14 A.D. |
94 |
|
Roman Law
|
98 |
|
Roman Society
|
98 |
|
Roman Religious Beliefs
|
99 |
|
Astrology
|
100 |
|
Christianity
|
100 |
|
Christians and the Empire
|
103 |
|
Constantine the Great
|
103 |
| Council of Necaea 325 AD |
104 |
|
Philosophy
|
105 |
|
Architecture and Engineering
|
105 |
|
Latin
|
106 |
|
The Last 21 Years
|
108 |
|
Conclusion
|
109 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
109 |
|
| Chapter 4
Catalog
|
The Post-Roman East: Byzantium,
Islam & Eastern Europe
|
Chronology
|
112 |
| The Second Rome: Constantinople |
113 |
|
Justinian
|
116 |
|
Augusta Theodora
|
117 |
| Justinian and the Reconquest
of the West |
117 |
|
Law: Corpus Juris Civilis
|
119 |
|
Byzantine Religion
|
119 |
|
Art and Architecture
|
120 |
|
Justinian's Successors
|
122 |
|
Heraclius (610-641)
|
123 |
|
Leo III and Iconoclasm
|
124 |
|
Results of the Conflict
|
125 |
|
The Land of the Rus: Kiev
|
126 |
|
Kievan Church
|
126 |
|
Islam
|
127 |
|
Disaster for the Exhausted Roman and Persian
Empires
|
127 |
|
Muhammed
|
127 |
|
Beliefs in Islam
|
129 |
|
Conflict within Islam
|
130 |
|
Shi'ites vs. Sun'nites
|
130 |
| One Empire, One Religion, One
Language |
131 |
|
Bagdhad
|
131 |
|
The House of Wisdom
|
131 |
|
Decline of the Abbasids
|
132 |
|
Umayyed Spain
|
132 |
|
Conclusion
|
132 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
133 |
|
| Chapter 5
Catalog
|
Germanic Europe &
The Dark Age AD 378-715
|
Chronology
|
136 |
|
Germanic Europe
|
136 |
|
Germanic Invasions
|
138 |
|
Religion
|
138 |
|
Germanic Concept of the State
|
138 |
|
Other Invaders of Gaul
|
140 |
|
The Vandals
|
141 |
|
The Ostrogoths
|
141 |
|
Lombards
|
142 |
|
The Anglo-Saxons
|
142 |
|
Development of the Church
|
144 |
|
The Five Patriachates of the Church
|
144 |
|
The Church of Fathers: Origin, Jerome, Ambrose,
and Augustine
|
146 |
|
St. Augustine (354-d.430)
|
146 |
|
Monasticism in the West
|
148 |
|
Cenobites - A Form of Monasticism
|
148 |
|
The Monastic Role in Culture
|
149 |
|
The Papacy
|
149 |
|
Conclusion
|
151 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
151 |
|
| Chapter 6
Catalog
|
The Early Middle Ages
715-1000
|
Chronology
|
154 |
|
The Franks: Merovingian to Carolingian Dynasty
|
154 |
|
Chartles Martel
|
154 |
|
Pepin III (740-768)
|
156 |
| Charlemagne (768-814) |
157 |
|
Charlemagne's Conquests
|
158 |
|
Frank Government Under Charlemagne
|
159 |
|
Charlemagne and the Church
|
160 |
|
The Carolingian Renaissance
|
161 |
|
Charlemagne's Legacy
|
161 |
| The Breakup of the
Kingdom of the Franks |
162 |
The Ninth Century
Invasions and the Viking Era
750-1050 |
162 |
| Anglo-Saxon England |
165 |
|
Conquest and Culture
|
165 |
|
Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons
|
167 |
|
The Northumbrian Renaissance
|
168 |
|
The Danelaw 865-954
|
169 |
| Alfred the Great
and the Creation of England |
169 |
|
Viking Wars
|
169 |
|
Cultural Recovery and the Viking Legacy
|
171 |
| Women and Family
in the Early Middle Ages |
172 |
|
Marriage and the Roles of Women
|
172 |
|
Women and the Church
|
174 |
|
Conclusion
|
174 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
175 |
|
| Chapter 7
Catalog
|
Feudal Europe, 1000-1215
|
Chronology
|
179 |
|
Origins of Feudal Europe
|
180 |
|
Vassalage
|
180 |
|
The Manorial System
|
183 |
|
Peasants and Serifs
|
183 |
|
Legal Rights
|
183 |
|
Agricultural Reforms and Innovations in the Middle Ages
|
184 |
|
Technological Advances
|
184 |
|
The Revival of Trade
|
186 |
|
Money and Banking
|
187 |
|
Rise of Medieval Cities
|
189 |
|
Townspeople and Self-Government
|
190 |
|
England in the Middle Ages
|
192 |
|
The French Monarchy in the Middle Ages
|
199 |
|
Germany and the Revival of the Holy Roman Empire
|
202 |
|
The Hohenstauffen Empire (1152-1272)
|
203 |
|
Frederick I Barbarossa
|
203 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
205 |
|
| Chapter 8
Catalog
|
The Church in the High
Middle Ages c. 900 to 1216
|
Chronology
|
209 |
|
The Eleventh-Century Condition and Position of the Church
|
209 |
|
The Breadth of Spring: A Reform Wind Rises
|
213 |
|
The Crusades
|
218 |
|
Peasant's Crusade
|
221 |
|
First Crusade
|
222 |
|
Second Crusade
|
224 |
|
Third Crusade
|
225 |
|
Fourth Crusade
|
225 |
|
Children's Crusade
|
226 |
|
Subsequent Crusades
|
226 |
|
Outcomes and Failures
|
227 |
|
Internal Crusades
|
229 |
|
Catharism
|
229 |
|
Waldensians
|
230 |
|
Jews
|
230 |
|
The Zenith of Papal Power and Church Reform
|
231 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
237 |
|
| Chapter 9
Catalog
|
Civilization of the Late
Middle Ages 1100-1300
|
Chronology
|
240 |
|
Towns
|
240 |
|
The Hanseatic League
|
242 |
|
Gothic Architecture
|
243 |
|
The Transformation of Art
|
245 |
|
Universities
|
247 |
|
Scholasticism
|
251 |
|
Vernacular Literature and Dante
|
253 |
|
The Adventures of Marco Polo
|
255 |
|
Conclusion
|
256 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
257 |
|
| Chapter 10
Catalog
|
From Fear to Hope, the
1300's
|
Chronology
|
261 |
|
The Bad Years
|
261 |
|
Weather
|
262 |
|
Popes and Kings
|
262 |
|
Endless Warfare
|
265 |
|
Medieval Society
|
267 |
|
Europe at War
|
267 |
|
The Arrival of Satan's Kingdom
|
269 |
|
Explanations
|
271 |
|
A Turning Point?
|
273 |
|
Dividing Up the World
|
274 |
|
The French and the English: Claims to the
Land
|
274 |
|
New Ways of Government: The Case of England
|
277 |
|
"Wat Tyler's Rebellion"
|
277 |
|
Defining Cracks in the System
|
279 |
|
The Rise of Secular Literature
|
279 |
|
New Ways of Getting to Heaven
|
280 |
|
John Wyclif
|
280 |
|
The Great Schism
|
281 |
|
John Hus
|
282 |
|
Back to the War
|
279 |
|
English Dynastic Problems
|
279 |
|
Meanwhile in France
|
285 |
|
The Last of the War
|
286 |
|
1453-A Real Turning Point
|
288 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
289 |
|
| Chapter 11
Catalog
|
The Renaissance 1350 to
1650
|
Chronology
|
292 |
|
The Italian Renaissance
|
292 |
|
Italian Statecraft, War, and Foreign Policy
|
295 |
|
The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
|
297 |
|
Intellectual Achievements
|
299 |
|
Secularism
|
299 |
|
Individualism
|
301 |
|
Humanism
|
302 |
|
Literature, Writing, and Painting
|
303 |
|
The Printing Press
|
305 |
|
Renaissance Society
|
306 |
|
Women
|
307 |
|
Minorities and Slavery
|
310 |
|
The Northern Renaissance
|
312 |
|
Northern Renaissance Art
|
319 |
|
Literature
|
321 |
|
Monarchs
|
324 |
|
France
|
324 |
|
England
|
325 |
|
Spain
|
326 |
|
Exploration and Expansion
|
328 |
|
Conclusion
|
336 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
337 |
|
| Chapter 12
Catalog
|
The Reformation
|
Chronology
|
340 |
|
Background to the Reformation
|
340 |
|
Problems in the Church and Origins of the Reformation
|
342 |
|
Luther and the Birth of Protestantism
|
345 |
|
Religious Violence and the Peasant Rebellion
|
349 |
|
The Spread of Protestantism
|
350 |
|
Reformers and Radicals
|
352 |
|
The English Reformation
|
355 |
|
The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
|
358 |
|
Religious Wars
|
360 |
|
The Thirty Years War
|
367 |
|
Women and Witchcraft
|
369 |
|
Conclusion
|
371 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
371 |
|
| Chapter 13
Catalog
|
Europe in the Age of Absolutism
|
Chronology
|
374 |
|
Political Thought
|
375 |
|
Absolutism
|
375 |
|
Constitutionalism
|
376 |
|
France: The Bourbons (Henry IV-Louis XV)
|
377 |
|
The Hasburgs
|
382 |
|
Spain
|
382 |
|
Australia
|
385 |
|
The Hohenzollern's of Prussia
|
386 |
|
Russia
|
387 |
|
England 1603-1715
|
390 |
|
Women as Monarchs
|
398 |
|
Conclusion
|
398 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
399 |
|
Index
|
400 |
|
