| Chapter 12
 Catalog
|
The Reformation
|
Chronology
|
340 |
|
Background to the Reformation
|
340 |
|
Problems in the Church and Origins of the Reformation
|
342 |
|
Luther and the Birth of Protestantism
|
345 |
|
Religious Violence and the Peasant Rebellion
|
349 |
|
The Spread of Protestantism
|
350 |
|
Reformers and Radicals
|
352 |
|
The English Reformation
|
355 |
|
The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
|
358 |
|
Religious Wars
|
360 |
|
The Thirty Years War
|
367 |
|
Women and Witchcraft
|
369 |
|
Conclusion
|
371 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
371 |
|
| Chapter 13
Catalog
|
Europe in the Age of Absolutism
|
Chronology
|
374 |
|
Political Thought
|
375 |
|
Absolutism
|
375 |
|
Constitutionalism
|
376 |
|
France: The Bourbons (Henry IV-Louis XV)
|
377 |
|
The Hasburgs
|
382 |
|
Spain
|
382 |
|
Australia
|
385 |
|
The Hohenzollern's of Prussia
|
386 |
|
Russia
|
387 |
|
England 1603-1715
|
390 |
|
Women as Monarchs
|
398 |
|
Conclusion
|
398 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
399 |
|
| Chapter 14
Catalog
|
A New Kind of World
|
Chronology
|
403
|
| The Notion of Science |
405 |
| Reconstructing the Definition
of "The World" |
406 |
| The Early Modern Scientists |
406 |
| The Heavens Become Part of the
Human Universe |
409 |
| Heresy and Discovery |
411 |
| The Age of Newton |
413 |
| Macrocosm and Microcosm |
415 |
| Looking for the Invisible |
418 |
| Rational and Irrational |
419 |
| The Enlightenment in England |
419 |
| The New Ideas Spread Through European
Society |
423 |
| Too Much Change? |
426 |
| From Thought to Practice in the
European Community |
427 |
| The Artists |
429 |
| Grand Buildings |
430 |
| French Salons and the Role of
Women |
431 |
| Central Europe |
433 |
| The Enlightened Despots |
434 |
| The Partition of Poland |
436 |
| Putting the Enlightenment Into
Practice |
436 |
|
Conclusion
|
437 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
437 |
|
| Chapter 15
Catalog
|
The French Revolution
and Napoleon Bonaparte, 1789-1815
|
Chronology
|
440 |
| Causes of the French Revolution |
440 |
| The Revolution |
444 |
|
Women and the French Revolution
|
447 |
|
The 1971 Constitution
|
448 |
|
Radicalism and the Second Revolution
|
449 |
|
Reign of Terror
|
452 |
|
Thermidorian Reaction
|
456 |
|
The Constitution of 1795 and the Directory
|
457 |
|
Napoleon: Rise to Power and Dictatorship
|
460 |
|
Napoleon's Internal Policies
|
462 |
|
The Napoleonic Wars and the French Empire
|
464 |
|
The Continental System
|
467 |
|
Napoleon's Decline
|
468 |
|
Conclusion
|
470 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
471 |
|
| Chapter 16
Catalog
|
The Industrial Revolution,
1760-1850
|
Chronology
|
474 |
|
Origins of the Industrial Revolution
|
474 |
|
The Textile Industry
|
476 |
|
The Factory System
|
477 |
|
Impact of the Industrial Revolution
|
478 |
|
Population and Urbanization
|
478 |
|
The Middle and Working Class
|
479 |
The Revolution in Transportation and Communications:
The Rail-Way Age 1830-60
|
479 |
|
Reactions to the Industrial Revolution
|
481 |
|
Government and Worker Responses
|
481 |
|
Capitalism and its Critics
|
482 |
|
Utopian Socialists
|
483 |
|
Marxism
|
484 |
|
Women in the Industrial Era
|
486 |
|
Conclusion
|
487 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
487 |
|
| Chapter 17
Catalog
|
Reaction, Reform &
Revolution, 1815-1848
|
Chronology
|
491 |
|
The Congress of Vienna
|
491 |
|
Revolution and Reaction
|
493 |
|
English Reaction and Reform
|
496 |
| The 1830 Revolutions |
499 |
| The 1848 Revolutions |
503 |
| Romanticism: Literature,
Art, Music, and Philosophy |
509 |
|
Literature
|
510 |
|
Music
|
511 |
|
Art and Artists
|
512 |
|
Philosophy
|
513 |
|
Conclusion
|
514 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
515 |
|
| Chapter 18
Catalog
|
Nationalism & Realpolitik,
1848-1871
|
Chronology
|
518 |
|
Europe After the Revolutions of 1848
|
518 |
|
Cavour and the Unification of Italy
|
518 |
|
The Unification of Germany
|
520 |
|
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)
|
521 |
|
Bismarck and Napoleon II
|
522 |
|
EMS Telegram
|
522 |
|
Napoleon III and the Paris Commune
|
523 |
|
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
|
524 |
|
Russia and the Crimean War
|
525 |
|
Mid-Century Imperialism
|
528 |
|
England
|
528 |
|
France
|
529 |
|
Art, Literature, Science, and Philosophy: The Advent of
"Realism"
|
530 |
|
Conclusion
|
531 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
531 |
|
| Chapter 19
Catalog
|
La Belle Epoch: Europe's
Golden Age, 1871-1914
|
Chronology
|
534 |
|
The Second Industrial Revolution
|
534 |
|
Political Trends and Ideas
|
536 |
|
Liberalism
|
536 |
|
Marxism and Socialism
|
537 |
|
Anarchism
|
538 |
|
The Arts
|
539 |
|
Social Sciences
|
540 |
|
Religion, Science & Philosophy
|
541 |
|
Social Darwinism
|
542 |
|
Anti-Semitism
|
543 |
|
The Nation-States 1871-1914
|
545 |
|
Franc's Third Republic
|
545 |
|
Great Britain
|
546 |
|
The German Empire
|
549 |
|
Austria-Hungary
|
550 |
|
Russia
|
551 |
|
Industrialization
|
551 |
|
Russian-Turk Relations
|
551 |
|
The Russo-Japanese War
|
553 |
|
The Revolution of 1905
|
555 |
|
The New Imperialism
|
555 |
|
Africa
|
556 |
|
Asia
|
557 |
|
Conclusion
|
558 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
559 |
|
| Chapter 20
Catalog
|
THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919
|
Chronology
|
562 |
|
The Route to War
|
562 |
|
Bismarckian Diplomacy
|
563 |
|
Kaiser Wilhelm II
|
564 |
|
Alliances and Crises
|
564 |
|
The Balkans Again
|
566 |
|
The Arms Race
|
566 |
|
The War Arrives
|
567 |
|
Public Reaction
|
568 |
|
The Early Battles
|
570 |
|
The Western Front
|
570 |
|
War in the East
|
572 |
|
The Slaughter Intensifies 1916-1917
|
573 |
|
Verdun
|
573 |
|
The Battle of the Somme
|
574 |
|
The War on Other Fronts
|
576 |
|
Life in the Trenches
|
576 |
|
The Home Front
|
579 |
|
Political Mobilization and Public Opinion
|
579 |
|
Women and the War
|
581 |
|
Other Social and Economic Consequences
|
582 |
|
Discontent and Revolution
|
582 |
|
Revolution in Russia
|
583 |
|
The March Revolution
|
584 |
|
The Provisional Government
|
585 |
|
The Bolshevik Revolution
|
586 |
|
America Enters the War
|
588 |
|
The End of the War and the Search for Peace
|
591 |
|
1918: The Last Offensive
|
591 |
|
The Fourteen Points
|
592 |
|
The Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles
|
593 |
|
Conclusion
|
596 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
597 |
|
| Chapter 21
Catalog
|
The Interwar Era
|
Chronology
|
601 |
|
Society and Culture of the Interwar Years
|
603 |
|
Challenges to the Enlightenment Tradition
|
604 |
|
The Cultural Impact of the Great War
|
607 |
|
Postwar Political and International Climate
|
610 |
|
Eastern and Central Europe
|
610 |
|
Germany
|
612 |
|
Spain
|
615 |
|
The Western Democracies: France and Britain
|
616 |
|
Interwar Economy and International Crises of the 1920's
|
618 |
|
Totalitarianism
|
623 |
|
Fascist Italy
|
623 |
|
Communist Russia
|
626 |
|
Nazi Germany
|
629 |
|
International Affairs of the 1930's and the Path to War
|
638 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
643 |
|
| Chapter 22
Catalog
|
World War II 1939-1945
|
Chronology
|
647 |
|
Origins of World War II
|
648 |
|
The Course of the War
|
650 |
|
The First Phase: September 1939-December
1941
|
651 |
|
The Second Phase: December 1941 - November
1942
|
665 |
|
The Final Phase: November 1942-August 1945
|
670 |
|
The Naval War
|
679 |
|
Wartime Diplomacy: The Grand Alliance
|
682 |
|
Other Facets of the War
|
688 |
|
War Hits Home
|
690 |
|
Total War
|
690 |
|
Civilians and the Air War
|
692 |
|
Nazi Occupation
|
694 |
|
Outcome: The Impact of World War II
|
703 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
705 |
|
| Chapter 23
Catalog
|
The Postwar Era 1945-1968
|
Chronology
|
708 |
|
The Fall and Rise of Europe
|
709 |
|
The Big Chill
|
711 |
|
Causes of the Cold War
|
712 |
|
Postwar Crises
|
712 |
|
Western Response
|
713 |
|
A World Gone MAD
|
715 |
|
Some Like It Hot
|
716 |
|
The Great Game Revisited
|
719 |
|
The Sun Sets on the European Empires
|
719 |
|
Independence Days
|
720 |
|
Vietnam and the Algerian Crisis
|
721 |
|
India, Africa and the Middle East
|
723 |
|
The Suez Crisis
|
725 |
|
Behind the Iron Curtain
|
726 |
|
Postwar Stalinization
|
726 |
|
Khrushchev and Destalinization
|
727 |
|
Polish and Hungarian Crises
|
728 |
|
The Berlin Wall and the Prague Spring
|
729 |
|
Peaceful Coexistence
|
731 |
|
From Peasant to Bureaucrat: The Rise of
Brezhnev
|
732 |
|
The European Phoenix Rises
|
733 |
|
Challenges to Recovery
|
734 |
|
The German Postwar Miracle
|
735 |
|
French and Italian Postwar Instability
|
738 |
|
Postwar Economic Recovery
|
739 |
|
Towards One Europe
|
740 |
|
First Steps: the ECSC and the EEC
|
741 |
|
Unity vs. Nationalism
|
741 |
|
The New Postwar Order
|
742 |
|
U.S. Postwar Goals
|
743 |
|
Bretton Woods
|
744 |
|
The Rise of Modern Culture
|
744 |
|
The Culture of the Absurd
|
745 |
|
One World Divided
|
746 |
|
The Triumph of Science
|
746 |
|
Modern Life
|
748 |
|
Demotic Times
|
750 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
753 |
|
| Chapter 24
Catalog
|
A New Europe & The
Twenty First Century
|
Chronology
|
756 |
|
Democracy and its Discontent
|
757 |
|
Post-1968 European Politics
|
757 |
|
The Oil Crisis and the Changing Economic Framework
|
762 |
|
The Western Democracies in the Seventies
|
762 |
|
Re-evaluating the Welfare State
|
765 |
|
Sweden
|
765 |
|
Britain
|
765 |
|
From Cold War to Post-Cold War
|
766 |
|
Toward a New World Order
|
766 |
|
The End of the Cold War
|
769 |
|
Reform and Change in the Soviet Union
|
770 |
|
The Gorbechev Era
|
772 |
|
The End of the Soviet Union
|
775 |
|
Eastern Europe
|
777 |
|
From Soviet Satellites to Independent Nations
|
777 |
|
Poland
|
777 |
|
Hungary
|
779 |
|
Czechoslovakia
|
779 |
|
Romania
|
780 |
|
Bulgaria and Albania
|
782 |
|
East and West Germany
|
783 |
|
Post Revolutionary Troubles
|
784 |
|
Eastern Europe After 1989
|
784 |
|
Western Europe
|
789 |
|
From West Germany to Germany
|
790 |
|
Northern Ireland
|
791 |
|
Great Britain
|
792 |
|
France
|
794 |
|
Italy
|
795 |
|
Europe and the West in the Aftermath of the Cold War
|
798 |
|
Toward Greater European Integration and Global Issues
|
799 |
|
Global Environment
|
802 |
|
Europe and the Challenge of the United States
|
802 |
|
The Fragile Europement Environment
|
803 |
|
The Feminist Movement
|
805 |
|
The Search for Liberation
|
805 |
|
Terrorism
|
806 |
|
Cultural and Spiritual Life
|
809 |
|
Suggestions for Further Reading
|
811 |
|
Index
|
812 |
|
