Detailed Table of Contents
The Western Dream of Civilization-The Modern World
Volume II

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Chapter 12

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

The Reformation
Chronology 340

Background to the Reformation

340

Problems in the Church and Origins of the Reformation

342

Luther and the Birth of Protestantism

345

Religious Violence and the Peasant Rebellion

349

The Spread of Protestantism

350

Reformers and Radicals

352

The English Reformation

355

The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

358

Religious Wars

360

The Thirty Years War

367

Women and Witchcraft

369
Conclusion 371
Suggestions for Further Reading 371
Chapter 13

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

Europe in the Age of Absolutism
Chronology 374

Political Thought

375
Absolutism 375
Constitutionalism 376

France: The Bourbons (Henry IV-Louis XV)

377

The Hasburgs

382
Spain 382
Australia 385

The Hohenzollern's of Prussia

386

Russia

387

England 1603-1715

390
Women as Monarchs 398
Conclusion 398
Suggestions for Further Reading 399
Chapter 14

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

A New Kind of World
Chronology 403
The Notion of Science 405
Reconstructing the Definition of "The World" 406
The Early Modern Scientists 406
The Heavens Become Part of the Human Universe 409
Heresy and Discovery 411
The Age of Newton 413
Macrocosm and Microcosm 415
Looking for the Invisible 418
Rational and Irrational 419
The Enlightenment in England 419
The New Ideas Spread Through European Society 423
Too Much Change? 426
From Thought to Practice in the European Community 427
The Artists 429
Grand Buildings 430
French Salons and the Role of Women 431
Central Europe 433
The Enlightened Despots 434
The Partition of Poland 436
Putting the Enlightenment Into Practice 436
Conclusion 437
Suggestions for Further Reading 437
Chapter 15

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

The French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte, 1789-1815
Chronology 440
Causes of the French Revolution 440
The Revolution 444
Women and the French Revolution 447
The 1971 Constitution 448

Radicalism and the Second Revolution

449
Reign of Terror 452
Thermidorian Reaction 456
The Constitution of 1795 and the Directory 457

Napoleon: Rise to Power and Dictatorship

460
Napoleon's Internal Policies 462
The Napoleonic Wars and the French Empire 464
The Continental System 467
Napoleon's Decline 468
Conclusion 470
Suggestions for Further Reading 471
Chapter 16

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1850
Chronology 474

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

474
The Textile Industry 476
The Factory System 477

Impact of the Industrial Revolution

478
Population and Urbanization 478
The Middle and Working Class 479
The Revolution in Transportation and Communications:
The Rail-Way Age 1830-60
479

Reactions to the Industrial Revolution

481
Government and Worker Responses 481
Capitalism and its Critics 482
Utopian Socialists 483
Marxism 484

Women in the Industrial Era

486
Conclusion 487
Suggestions for Further Reading 487
Chapter 17

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

Reaction, Reform & Revolution, 1815-1848
Chronology 491

The Congress of Vienna

491
Revolution and Reaction 493
English Reaction and Reform 496
The 1830 Revolutions 499
The 1848 Revolutions 503
Romanticism: Literature, Art, Music, and Philosophy 509
Literature 510
Music 511
Art and Artists 512
Philosophy 513
Conclusion 514
Suggestions for Further Reading 515
Chapter 18

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

Nationalism & Realpolitik, 1848-1871
Chronology 518

Europe After the Revolutions of 1848

518

Cavour and the Unification of Italy

518

The Unification of Germany

520
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) 521
Bismarck and Napoleon II 522
EMS Telegram 522

Napoleon III and the Paris Commune

523

The Austro-Hungarian Empire

524

Russia and the Crimean War

525

Mid-Century Imperialism

528
England 528
France 529

Art, Literature, Science, and Philosophy: The Advent of "Realism"

530
Conclusion 531
Suggestions for Further Reading 531
Chapter 19

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

La Belle Epoch: Europe's Golden Age, 1871-1914
Chronology 534

The Second Industrial Revolution

534

Political Trends and Ideas

536
Liberalism 536
Marxism and Socialism  537
Anarchism 538

The Arts

539

Social Sciences

540

Religion, Science & Philosophy

541
Social Darwinism 542
Anti-Semitism 543

The Nation-States 1871-1914

545

Franc's Third Republic

545

Great Britain

546

The German Empire

549

Austria-Hungary

550

Russia

551
Industrialization 551
Russian-Turk Relations 551

The Russo-Japanese War

553
The Revolution of 1905 555

The New Imperialism

555

Africa

556

Asia

557
Conclusion 558
Suggestions for Further Reading 559
Chapter 20

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919
Chronology 562

The Route to War

562
Bismarckian Diplomacy 563
Kaiser Wilhelm II  564
Alliances and Crises 564
The Balkans Again 566
The Arms Race 566

The War Arrives

567
Public Reaction 568

The Early Battles

570
The Western Front 570
War in the East 572

The Slaughter Intensifies 1916-1917

573
Verdun 573
The Battle of the Somme 574
The War on Other Fronts 576
Life in the Trenches 576

The Home Front

579
Political Mobilization and Public Opinion 579
Women and the War 581
Other Social and Economic Consequences 582
Discontent and Revolution 582

Revolution in Russia

583
The March Revolution 584
The Provisional Government 585
The Bolshevik Revolution  586

America Enters the War

588

The End of the War and the Search for Peace

591
1918: The Last Offensive 591
The Fourteen Points 592
The Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles 593
Conclusion 596
Suggestions for Further Reading 597
Chapter 21

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

The Interwar Era
Chronology 601

Society and Culture of the Interwar Years

603
Challenges to the Enlightenment Tradition 604
The Cultural Impact of the Great War 607

Postwar Political and International Climate

610
Eastern and Central Europe 610
Germany 612
Spain 615
The Western Democracies: France and Britain 616

Interwar Economy and International Crises of the 1920's

618

Totalitarianism

623
Fascist Italy 623
Communist Russia 626
Nazi Germany 629

International Affairs of the 1930's and the Path to War

638
Suggestions for Further Reading 643
Chapter 22

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

World War II 1939-1945
Chronology 647

Origins of World War II

648

The Course of the War

650
The First Phase: September 1939-December 1941 651
The Second Phase: December 1941 - November 1942 665
The Final Phase: November 1942-August 1945 670
The Naval War 679
Wartime Diplomacy: The Grand Alliance 682
Other Facets of the War 688

War Hits Home

690
Total War 690
Civilians and the Air War 692
Nazi Occupation 694

Outcome: The Impact of World War II

703
Suggestions for Further Reading 705
Chapter 23

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

The Postwar Era 1945-1968
Chronology 708

The Fall and Rise of Europe

709
The Big Chill 711
Causes of the Cold War 712
Postwar Crises 712
Western Response 713
A World Gone MAD 715
Some Like It Hot 716
The Great Game Revisited 719

The Sun Sets on the European Empires

719
Independence Days 720
Vietnam and the Algerian Crisis 721
India, Africa and the Middle East 723
The Suez Crisis 725

Behind the Iron Curtain

726
Postwar Stalinization 726
Khrushchev and Destalinization 727
Polish and Hungarian Crises 728
The Berlin Wall and the Prague Spring 729
Peaceful Coexistence 731
From Peasant to Bureaucrat: The Rise of Brezhnev 732

The European Phoenix Rises

733
Challenges to Recovery 734
The German Postwar Miracle 735
French and Italian Postwar Instability 738
Postwar Economic Recovery 739

Towards One Europe

740
First Steps: the ECSC and the EEC 741
Unity vs. Nationalism 741

The New Postwar Order

742
U.S. Postwar Goals 743
Bretton Woods 744

The Rise of Modern Culture

744
The Culture of the Absurd 745
One World Divided 746
The Triumph of Science 746
Modern Life 748
Demotic Times 750
Suggestions for Further Reading 753
Chapter 24

 

 

 

 

 

Catalog

A New Europe & The Twenty First Century
Chronology 756

Democracy and its Discontent

757
Post-1968 European Politics  757

The Oil Crisis and the Changing Economic Framework

762

The Western Democracies in the Seventies

762

Re-evaluating the Welfare State

765
Sweden 765
Britain 765

From Cold War to Post-Cold War

766
Toward a New World Order 766
The End of the Cold War 769

Reform and Change in the Soviet Union

770
The Gorbechev Era 772

The End of the Soviet Union

775

Eastern Europe

777
From Soviet Satellites to Independent Nations 777
Poland 777
Hungary 779
Czechoslovakia 779
Romania 780
Bulgaria and Albania 782
East and West Germany 783

Post Revolutionary Troubles

784
Eastern Europe After 1989 784

Western Europe

789
From West Germany to Germany 790
Northern Ireland 791
Great Britain 792
France 794
Italy 795

Europe and the West in the Aftermath of the Cold War

798

Toward Greater European Integration and Global Issues

799
Global Environment 802

Europe and the Challenge of the United States

802
The Fragile Europement Environment 803

The Feminist Movement

805
The Search for Liberation 805

Terrorism

806
Cultural and Spiritual Life 809
Suggestions for Further Reading 811

Index

812
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